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- From: shauck@netcom.com (William R. Shauck)
- Subject: rec.games.chess Answers to Frequently Asked Questions [1/2]
- Message-ID: <chess1_762589524@netcom.com>
- Followup-To: poster
- Summary: This posting addresses some of the FAQ's on the
- rec.games.chess news group. Topics include International, National
- & Local Organizations, Mail and E-mail Organizations, Ratings and
- Titles, Tournaments, Self-Improvement, and Supplies.
- Keywords: chess FAQ semimonthly answers
- Supersedes: <chess1_760523162@netcom.com>
- Reply-To: shauck@netcom.com
- Organization: NETCOM On-line Communication Services (408 241-9760 guest)
- Date: Wed, 2 Mar 1994 06:25:43 GMT
- Approved: news-answers-request@mit.edu
- Expires: Wed, 30 Mar 1994 06:25:24 GMT
- Lines: 870
- Xref: bloom-beacon.mit.edu rec.games.chess:22921 rec.answers:4331 news.answers:15950
-
- Last-Modified: 1994/03/01
- Archive-Name: games/chess/part1
-
- This twice-monthly posting is intended to address some of the frequently asked
- questions (FAQ's) on the rec.games.chess news group. Because the answers may
- not be complete, please feel free to ask questions. This is only intended to
- address first-level concerns, and not to stifle discussions.
-
- The FAQ list was last revised March 1st. A list for CC-Publisher, a software
- program for creating chess texts under Microsoft Windows, was added to [23]
- (thanks, Mark Ginsberg!). The updated FIDE rating list was added to [8]
- (thanks, Steve Rix and M.D.Crowther!). The listing for Australian Chess
- Enterprises was updated for [16] (thanks, Lee Jones!). The e-mail address for
- Steven Edwards was updated for [18] (thanks, Steven!). The name "USA Today
- Sports Center" was updated to "USA Today Information Center" (thanks, Elliott
- Winslow!). Please address suggestions to shauck@netcom.com.
-
- This posting is in two parts. Part 1 is about Organizations, Ratings &
- Titles, Tournaments, Self-Improvement, and Supplies. Part 2 is about Mailing
- Lists, freely available Services and Material, Chess-playing Hardware,
- Software, and Utilities, and a Miscellaneous section.
-
- Organizations: International, National, Local, and Mail/E-Mail
- [1] Federation Internationale des Echecs (FIDE)
- [2] The United States Chess Federation (USCF)
- [3] Chess Federation of Canada (CFC)
- [4] American Chess Foundation (ACF)
- [5] State and Local Organizations (USA)
- [6] Correspondence Organizations
- [7] Bulletin Board Systems (BBS's)
- Ratings and Titles
- [8] Ratings (with FIDE list)
- [9] How USCF Ratings are Calculated
- [10] How USCF Lifetime Titles are Earned
- Tournaments
- [11] Tournaments
- [12] The Swiss Tournament Pairing System
- Self-Improvement
- [13] I'm a Novice/Intermediate. How Do I Improve?
- [14] Recommended Openings (and Books) for Novice to Intermediate
- Supplies
- [15] Publications
- [16] Where to Get Books and Equipment
-
- This FAQ list may be obtained via anonymous FTP from rtfm.mit.edu under
- /pub/usenet/news.answers/games/chess/part1. Or, send email to
- mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu with 'send usenet/news.answers/games/chess/part1' in
- the body of the message, leaving the subject line empty.
-
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- Subject: [1] Federation Internationale des Echecs (FIDE)
-
- FIDE (pronounced "fee-day") is an international chess organization that
- organizes tournaments (e.g. Olympiad), grants titles, and controls the World
- Championship cycle. Write to: Federation Internationale des Echecs, Abendweg
- 1, P.O. Box 2841, CH-6002 Lucerne, Switzerland. Phone 041 41 513378,9; fax
- 041 41 515846.
-
- FIDE grants three over-the-board titles: FIDE Master (FM), International
- Master (IM), and International Grandmaster (IGM; but more commonly just
- "Grandmaster" and "GM"). FM can be obtained by keeping your FIDE rating over
- 2300 for 25 games. IM and GM titles require performances at certain levels
- for 25-30 games (2450 for IM and 2600 for GM). This is usually achieved by
- obtaining several "norms." A norm is obtained when a player makes at least a
- given score in a FIDE tournament. The required score is a function of the
- number of rounds and the strength of the opposition. There are also minimum
- rating requirements. There are about 35 GM's, 60 IM's, and 100 FM's living
- in the U.S., not all of whom are active players.
-
- FIDE also grants titles for which only women are eligible: FIDE Woman Master,
- International Woman Master (IWM; but _Chess Life_ often uses "Woman
- International Master" and "WIM") and International Woman Grandmaster (WGM).
- Women are also eligible for the other titles.
-
- FIDE also grants titles for Chess Composition, Composition Judging,
- Tournament Direction (as "Arbiter"), and Correspondence Chess; and maintains
- a separate rating list (and titles) for "Action chess" (G/30).
-
- ------------------------------
-
- Subject: [2] The United States Chess Federation (USCF)
-
- The USCF is the national chess organization of the United States. It does
- several things: (1) computes ratings for players who play in USCF-rated
- tournaments, (2) publishes a monthly magazine called _Chess Life_, (3)
- sponsors national over-the-board tournaments such as the National Open and
- the U.S. Open, and a variety of correspondence (postal) tournaments, and
- (4) officially represents the interests of chess in the U.S. to international
- chess organizations. Most over-the-board tournaments held in the U.S. are
- USCF-rated. This means that to play in them, you must join the USCF (this can
- normally be done at the tournament site if you prefer).
-
- _Chess Life_ includes a listing, sorted by state, of USCF-rated tournaments
- to be held in the following few months. It periodically publishes the
- addresses of all state chess organizations (see [5]). It also has chess
- news, games from the U.S. and around the world, instructional and enjoyment
- articles, and embedded catalogs from which you can purchase books and
- equipment.
-
- Regular memberships are $30/year, including a _Chess Life_ subscription.
- Youth memberships (same benefits) for age 19 & under are $15/year.
- Scholastic memberships for age 19 and under (provides a bimonthly publication
- called _School Mates_ instead of _Chess Life_) are $7/year. Senior
- memberships (age 65 and over) are $20/year. Life memberships are $600 or can
- be had by paying double the regular membership rate for 10 years running.
- _Chess Life_ subscription (without membership): $33/year. Write to: United
- States Chess Federation, 186 Route 9W, New Windsor, NY 12553-7698. Phone
- 800-388-5464 or 914-562-8350.
-
- Those with access to Internet e-mail have active members of the USCF staff
- available. IM Elliott Winslow is Assistant Editor of _Chess Life_, and can be
- reached at ekw@panix.com. For non-_Chess Life_ matters, Assistant Director
- Larry King is available at uscf@delphi.com.
-
- ------------------------------
-
- Subject: [3] Chess Federation of Canada (CFC)
-
- The CFC maintains ratings of all players in good standing, runs tournaments,
- attempts to promote chess in Canada, and sells equipment to both members and
- non-members. Members get a subscription to _En Passant_, a bimonthly
- magazine. The rating system used by the CFC is the Elo system, also used by
- the USCF and FIDE. Local variations make CFC ratings from 25-200 points
- lower than USCF ratings for players of similar ability. Dues range from
- $25-$45 (Canadian), depending on province of residence. Junior memberships
- range from $15-$25 (Canadian). Life memberships are also available,
- depending on age. Write to: Chess Federation of Canada, 2212 Gladwin
- Crescent, E-1(b), Ottawa, Ontario, K1B 5N1, Canada. Phone 613-733-2844; fax
- 613-733-5209.
-
- ------------------------------
-
- Subject: [4] American Chess Foundation (ACF)
-
- The American Chess Foundation promotes chess in the U.S. It sponsors some
- promising young players and contributes money toward large tournaments (e.g.,
- the U.S. Championship). Write to: American Chess Foundation (President Fan
- Adams, Executive Director Allan Kaufman), 353 West 46th St., New York, NY
- 10036.
-
- ------------------------------
-
- Subject: [5] State and Local Organizations (USA)
-
- Every state has its own chess organization affiliated with USCF, and most also
- have a bimonthly or quarterly publication. The state organizations are listed
- in the annual _Chess Life_ yearbook issue (April). From these state
- organizations, information can be obtained on local chess clubs. Another good
- way to find a local club is to look at the tournament listings in the back of
- every _Chess Life_.
-
- ------------------------------
-
- Subject: [6] Correspondence Organizations
-
- American Postal Chess Tournaments, c/o Helen Warren, P.O. Box 305, Western
- Springs, IL 60558. Also runs electronic "postal" chess on the USA Today
- Information Center (see [7]).
-
- Correspondence Chess League of America (CCLA), P.O. Box 3481, Barrington, IL
- 60011-3481.
-
- International Correspondence Chess Federation (ICCF), c/o Max Zavanelli,
- ICCF-US Secretary, 1642 N. Volusia Ave #201, Orange City, FL 32763. Non-US
- residents may contact ICCF directly to obtain information about their
- respective affiliated national correspondence chess federation, by writing to
- the ICCF Tournament Director, address: ICCF Tournament Director, c/o Ragnar
- Wikman, Box 36, 20111 Abo, Finland. Internet e-mail: rwikman@finabo.abo.fi
-
- Transcendental Chess, c/o Maxwell Lawrence, 1655A Flatbush Ave., No. 1502,
- Brooklyn, NY 11210. Postal chess (PRE-chess!--first 8 moves set up the
- pieces behind the pawns) organization.
-
- ------------------------------
-
- Subject: [7] Bulletin Board Systems (BBS's)
-
- CANADA
- Alberta: Chess Hackers. 403-456-5808.
-
- USA
- CompuServe: 800-848-8990.
- HoloNet: 800-NET-HOLO (800-638-4656).
- Prodigy: 800-284-5933.
- Sierra Network: 800-SIERRA-1 (800-743-7721).
- USA Today Information Center: 800-826-9688. Provides both on-line and
- "postal" chess games, some of which are associated with American Postal
- Chess Tournaments. Address: USA Today Information Center, Four Seasons
- Executive Center, Building 9, Terrace Way, Greensboro, NC 27403.
- CA: Charles Rostedt's chess BBS: 310-634-8549 (data), 634-8477 (voice).
- CA: Chess Hotline BBS: 310-634-8549.
- CA: Strategies and Tactics: 714-458-0818.
- Berkeley, CA: Berkeley BBS: 510-486-0795.
- Modesto, CA: Flightline of Dbase: 209-551-2227.
- Waterbury, CT: Chess Horizons BBS: 203-596-1443. 755-9749 (voice). Rob
- Roy, 54 Calumet, Waterbury, CT 06710-1201. Free software catalog.
- Plant City, FL: The ChessBoard: 813-754-6043.
- Chicago, IL: ChessBoard: 312-784-3019.
- IL: Free! Board: 312-275-0848.
- Louisville, KY: The Chess Board: 502-271-5233.
- Metairie, LA: High Tech BBS: 504-837-7941.
- New Orleans, LA: Woodpusher BBS: 504-271-5233.
- Chevy Chase, MD: The Mystery Board BBS: 301-588-9465, 588-8142.
- Fort Meade, MD: Interstate Express: 301-674-6835.
- Durham, NC: The Isolated Pawn: 919-471-1440.
- Brooklyn, NY: The Round Table BBS: 718-951-6652.
- Columbus, OH: The Endgame BBS: 614-476-3351.
- Mansfield, OH: DK Jet-Works: 419-524-3959.
- Mansfield, OH: Procyon: 419-524-7825.
- Portland, OR: PDX Chess BBS: 503-232-2282.
- TX: Let's Play Chess: 512-244-3349.
- Austin, TX: Austin Chess Studio: 512-448-4861.
-
- ------------------------------
-
- Subject: [8] Ratings (with FIDE list)
-
- Different countries have different rating systems. The most common system in
- use is called the Elo system, named after its inventor. An excellent book on
- the subject is _The Rating of Chessplayers, Past & Present_ by Arpad E. Elo
- (copyright 1978; ISBN 0-668-04721-6). FIDE and the USCF use the Elo system,
- although in the USCF there have been some adjustments and additions in the
- past which have distorted USCF ratings vis-a-vis systems which have been
- "pure Elo" forever.
-
- FIDE Rating list, Open, 1 January 1993 (Kasparov & Short removed)
- Rank(R), Player, Date of Birth, Country, Last 2 ratings,(1 and 2,93),
- Current rating (1,94) and number of rated games
- played (G) and the change in rating (Dif.) are provided.
-
- R Player Birthdate Country 1.93 2.93 1.94 G Dif
- Kasparov,Garri Russia 2805 XXXX 2800 (unofficial)
- 1. Karpov,Anatoli 23.05.51 Russia 2725 2760 2740 40 -20
- 2. Anand,Viswanathan 11.12.69 India 2710 2725 2715 37 -10
- 3. Ivanchuk,Vassili 18.03.69 Ukraine 2710 2705 2710 33 +5
- 4. Kramnik,Vladimir 25.06.75 Russia 2685 2710 2710 32 =
- 5. Shirov,Alexei 04.07.72 Latvia 2670 2685 2705 47 +20
- 6. Kamsky,Gata 02.06.74 USA 2655 2645 2695 36 +50
- 7. Salov,Valeri 26.05.64 Russia 2660 2685 2685 31 =
- 8. Bareev,Evgeni 21.11.66 Russia 2670 2660 2685 29 +25
- 9. Gelfand,Boris 24.06.68 White Russia2690 2670 2685 23 +15
- 10.Epishin,Vladimir 11.07.65 Russia 2620 2655 2675 32 +20
- 11.Yusupov,Artur 13.02.60 Germany 2645 2630 2665 35 +35
- Short,Nigel England 2655 XXXX 2665 (unofficial)
- 12.Adams,Michael 17.11.71 England 2630 2630 2660 55 +30
- 13.Khalifman,Alexander18.01.66 Russia 2630 2645 2660 39 +15
- 14.Sokolov, Ivan 13.06.68 Bosnia 2640 2610 2650 52 +40
- 15.Beliavsky,Alexander17.12.53 Ukraine 2610 2635 2650 23 +15
- 16.Dreev,Alexei 30.01.69 Russia 2570 2645 34 +75
- 17.Kaidanov,Grigory 11.10.59 Russia 2620 2640 2645 25 +5
- 18.Topolov,Vesseline 15.03.75 Bulgaria 2635 2650 2640 31 -10
- 19.Chernin,Alexander 06.03.60 Hungary 2600 2615 2630 36 +15
- 20.Tiviakov,Sergei 14.02.73 Russia 2575 2635 2630 23 -5
- 21.Polgar, Judit 23.07.76 Hungary 2595 2630 2630 22 =
- 22.Nikolic, Predrag 11.09.60 Bosnia 2630 2625 2625 46 =
- 23.Lautier,Joel 12.04.73 France 2645 2620 2625 31 +5
- 24.Yudasin,Leonid 08.08.59 Israel 2610 2605 2625 30 +20
- 25.Vaganian,Raphael 15.10.51 Armenia 2615 2615 2625 17 +10
- 26.Azmaiparashvili,Z 16.03.60 Georgia 2655 2630 2625 11 -5
- 27.Dautov,Roustam 28.11.65 Russia 2625 2625 2625 0 =
- 28.Yermolinsky,Alexey 11.04.58 USA 2615 2605 2620 51 +15
- 29.Timman,Jan 14.12.51 Holland 2625 2620 2620 32 =
- 30.Benjamin,Joel 11.03.64 USA 2585 2620 2620 29 =
- 31.Andersson,Ulf 27.06.51 Sweden 2625 2625 2620 20 -5
- 32.Korchnoi,Viktor 23.03.31 Switzerland 2605 2625 2615 59 -10
- 33.Georgiev,Kiril 28.11.65 Bulgaria 2660 2660 2615 47 -45
- 34.Gulko,Boris 09.02.47 USA 2625 2635 2615 40 -20
- 35.Smirin,Ilia 21.01.68 Israel 2590 2640 2615 40 -25
- 36.Hertneck,Gerald 18.09.63 Germany 2565 2615 25 +60
- 37.Almasi,Zoltan 29.08.76 Hungary 2490 2580 2610 68 +30
- 38.Ehlvest,Jaan 14.10.62 Estonia 2625 2620 2610 43 -10
- 39.Gurevitch, Mikail 22.02.59 Belgium 2610 2605 2610 43 +5
- 40.Dolmatov,Sergei 20.02.59 Russia 2615 2630 2610 40 -20
- 41.Vishmanavin,Alexei 01.01.60 Russia 2620 2605 2610 41 +5
- 42.Greenfeld,Alon 17.04.67 Israel 2560 2590 2610 37 +20
- 43.Hubner,Robert 06.11.48 Germany 2620 2605 2610 24 +5
- 44.Akopian,Vladimir 07.12.71 Armenia 2615 2600 2605 47 +5
- 45.Piket,Jeroen 27.01.69 Holland 2590 2590 2605 46 +15
- 46.Speelman,Jonathan 02.10.56 England 2595 2605 2605 38 =
- 47.Rozentalis,Eduardas27.05.63 Lithuania 2595 2600 2605 34 +5
- 48.Van der Sterren,P 17.03.56 Holland 2525 2605 34 +80
- 49.Granda Zuniga,J 25.02.67 Peru 2590 2605 2605 23 =
- 50.Nunn,John 25.04.55 England 2580 2590 2605 19 +15
- 51.Morovic, Ivan 24.03.63 Chile 2575 2605 18 +30
- 52.Portisch,Lajos 04.04.37 Hungary 2580 2585 2605 13 +20
- 53.Ribli,Zoltan 06.09.51 Hungary 2620 2610 2600 15 -10
- 54.Ljubojevic,Ljubomir02.11.50 Yugoslavia 2605 2595 2600 8 +5
- 55.Malaniuk,Vladimir 21.07.57 Ukraine 2600 2635 2595 47 -40
- 56.Hjartarson,Johann 08.02.63 Iceland 2625 2605 2595 38 -10
- 57.Alterman,Boris 04.05.70 Israel 2600 2585 2595 30 +10
- 58.Wolff,Patrick 15.02.68 USA 2580 2585 2595 24 +10
- 59.Agdestein,Simen 15.05.67 Norway 2630 2610 2595 19 -15
- 60.Lutz,Christopher 24.02.71 Germany 2550 2605 2595 10 -10
- 61.Glek,Igor 07.11.61 Russia 2535 2590 63 +55
- 62.Miles,Anthony 23.04.55 England 2570 2590 55 +25
- 63.Shabalov,Alexander 12.09.67 US 2575 2590 2590 43 =
- 64.Illescas Cardoba,M 03.12.65 Spain 2615 2625 2590 42 -35
- 65.Oll,Lembit 07.11.64 Estonia 2585 2595 2590 42 -5
- 66.Lputian,Smbat 14.02.58 Armenia 2570 2590 30 +25
- 67.Gavrikov,Viktor 29.07.57 Switzerland 2575 2580 2590 27 +10
- 68.Morosewitsch,Alex. 18.07.77 Russia 2545 2590 22 +45 IM
- 69.Milov,Vadim Israel 2500 2585 69 +85
- 70.Psachis,Lev 29.11.58 Israel 2575 2585 2585 64 =
- 71.Bologan,Viktor 14.12.71 Moldavia 2510 2585 49 +75
- 72.Romanashin,Oleg 10.01.52 Ukraine 2590 2615 2585 48 -30
- 73.Goldin,Alexander 27.02.65 Russia 2540 2585 47 +45
- 74.Gurevich,Ilya 08.02.72 US 2575 2585 23 +10
- 75.Seirawan,Yasser 24.03.60 US 2575 2585 15 +10
- 76.Sveshnikov Evgeni 11.02.50 Russia 2570 2585 15 +15
- 77.Mozetic,Dejan 16.08.65 Yugoslavia 2580 2580 2585 6 +5 IM
- 78.De Firmian,Nick 26.07.57 USA 2545 2580 61 +35
- 79.Hansen,Curt 18.09.64 Denmark 2610 2590 2580 26 -10
- 80.Vladimirov,Evgeni 20.01.57 Kasahkstan 2585 2585 2580 9 -5
- 81.Arbakov,Valentin 28.01.52 Russia 2460 2575 64 +115 IM
- 82.Kozul,Zdenko 21.05.66 Bosnia 2550 2595 2575 61 -20
- 83.Khouzman,Alexander 10.04.62 Ukraine 2520 2575 53 +55
- 84.Vaiser Anatoli 05.03.49 France 2555 2580 2575 50 -10
- 85.Nenachev,Alexander 25.08.62 Uzbekistan 2565 2580 2575 39 -5
- 86.Polugaevsky,Lev 20.11.34 Russia 2635 2605 2575 16 -30
- 87.Mecking,Henrique 23.01.52 Brazil 2575 2575 0 =
- 88.Cvitan,Ognjev 10.10.61 Croatia 2550 2570 74 +20
- 89.Hodgson,Julian 25.07.63 England 2565 2625 2570 62 -45
- 90.Van Wely,Loek 07.10.72 Holland 2560 2585 2570 62 -15
- 91.Pigusov,Evgeni 31.03.61 Russia 2575 2585 2570 38 -15
- 92.Schneider,Alexander22.05.62 Ukraine 2560 2570 37 +10
- 93.Dorfman,Josef 01.05.53 France 2555 2570 36 +15
- 94.Van der Wiel,John 09.08.59 Holland 2570 2570 34 +5
- 95.Tukmakov,Vladimir 15.03.46 Ukraine 2605 2600 2570 33 -30
- 96.Eingorn,Vereslav 23.11.56 Ukraine 2575 2580 2570 28 -10
- 97.Lobron,Eric 07.05.60 Germany 2620 2575 2570 27 -5
- 98.Dokhojan,Yuri 26.10.64 Russia 2550 2570 24 +20
- 99.Krasenkov,Mikhail 14.11.63 Russia 2560 2595 2565 46 -30
-
- FIDE Rating list, Restricted to women, 1 January 1993
- 1. Judit Polgar Hungary 2595 +20
- 2. Zsuzsa Polgar Hungary 2560 +20
- 3. Pia Cramling Sweden 2525 -5
- 4. Maya Tschiburdanidze Georgia 2510 +5
- 5. Jun Xie China 2470 -15
- 6. Nana Ioseliani Georgia 2460 +15
- 7. Alisa Gallyamova Ukraine 2445 +45
- 8. Ketevan Arakhamya Georgia 2440 +5
- 9. Svetlana Prudnikova Russia 2420 +85
- 10. Ketevan Kakhyani Georgia 2420 +60
- 11. Ildiko Madl Hungary 2415 +5
- 12. Irina Levytina USA 2415 0
- 13. Alisa Maric Yugoslavia 2415 +25
- 14. Zsofia Polgar Hungary 2415 -30
- 15. Kanying Qin China 2410 +95
- 16. Yelena Donaldson USA 2405 0
- 17. Svetlana Matveyeva Kirgisia 2395 -40
- 18. Ainur Sofiyeva Azerbaidzan 2390 +5
- 19. Vesna Bashagic Bosnia-Hercegovina 2385 -5
- 20. Natasha Boykovic Yugoslavia 2385 +20
- 21. Anna Akhsarumova USA 2385 0
-
- USCF has rating classes as follows (with number in class as of 1 Nov 1992):
- title range number (change-from-1991)
- Senior Master 2400 and up 239 (+28)
- Master 2200 - 2399 861 (+19)
- Expert 2000 - 2199 2,407 (-68)
- Class A 1800 - 1999 3,880 (-42)
- Class B 1600 - 1799 4,851 (-59)
- Class C 1400 - 1599 5,234 (-40)
- Class D 1200 - 1399 4,994 (+201)
- Class E below 1200 11,123 (+5155)
-
- There are more USCF members than the total 33,609 (+5198) listed here. These
- are just those who have been active in tournaments recently. The average
- rating on this list is 1421 (-125). Your rating is determined by your results
- and the ratings of the players you play against.
-
- There is no hard and fast relationship between the various rating scales.
-
- One question which often arises is: Do Elo historical ratings of famous
- players of the past enable us to predict how well they would do against
- present day players?
-
- Some discussion of this issue occurred in (the now discontinued) _Chess
- Notes_ in 1988. Edward Winter wrote, "Elo's retrospective rankings look less
- and less convincing the more one studies them. For example, George Walker is
- attributed 2360, the same as George Botterill in January 1988 (who has thus
- had the benefit of insight into a century and a half of chess development
- since Walker's time)." Ken Whyld responded this "shows a misunderstanding of
- ELO. The ratings do not reflect how a player from a past age would fare
- against a present-day player. . . . Elo's figures measure competitive
- ability, NOT the quality of play. . . . In chess we can only know the
- standing of players within the pool of which they are a part. It is idle
- speculation to make comparisons between discrete periods." Arpad Elo himself
- then got into the discussion, saying, "The historical ratings have generated
- controversy partly because people misunderstand what they represent . . . Mr.
- Ken Whyld . . . correctly points out how ratings should be viewed, i.e., as a
- measure of competitive ability, and that proper comparisons can be made only
- between players of the same milieu. . . . There is also a fundamental point
- that should not be overlooked: the rating scale itself is an arbitrary scale,
- open ended, . . . with no reproducible fixed points."
-
- ------------------------------
-
- Subject: [9] How USCF Ratings are Calculated
-
- The following is a simplified version of how the USCF rating system works;
- for a full version, write to the USCF (see [2]).
-
- *** For the first 20 games (provisional rating): ***
-
- Take the rating of the opponent +400 if the player wins.
- Take the rating of the opponent -400 if the player loses.
- Take the rating of the opponent if the game is a draw.
-
- Average these numbers. (If unrated players play other unrated players, this
- requires several iterations of the above.)
-
- *** After 20 games (established rating): ***
-
- The maximum amount a player can win or lose per game (called the "K" factor)
- varies according to rating. Players rated under 2100 have a 32-point
- maximum; players rated 2100-2399 have a 24-point maximum, and players rated
- 2400 and up have a 16-point maximum. (In a "1/4 K" tournament, divide these
- maximums by four.)
-
- If players of equal rating play, the loser loses half of the maximum, the
- winner gains the same amount. No change for a draw.
-
- If players of unequal rating play, the higher-rated player gains fewer points
- for a win, but loses more points for a loss. (The lower-rated player does
- the opposite, of course.) A higher-rated player loses points for a draw; a
- lower-rated player gains points. For players rated 400 or so points apart,
- the maximum rating change is used for an upset, and the minimum gain/loss is
- 1 point if the much higher-rated player wins.
-
- The true formula for the number of points won/lost versus the ratings
- difference is a curve, but a straight-line approximation for players with a K
- factor of 32 points can be used, where every 25 points of ratings difference
- is one additional rating point gained/lost starting from a beginning of 16
- points for a win/loss, and from zero for a draw. (I.e., for a 100-point
- difference, the higher-rated player gains 16 - 4 = 12 points for a win, but
- loses 16 + 4 = 20 points for a loss. If a draw, the higher-rated player
- loses 4 points, the lower-rated player gains 4.)
-
- The actual formula is as follows:
-
- K = K factor
- delta_R = (Opponent's rating) - (Player's rating)
- Expected_Wins = 1/(10^(delta_R / 400) + 1)
- New_Rating = (Current rating) + K * ((Actual wins) - (Expected_Wins))
-
- An established player's rating cannot drop below (his rating - 100) truncated
- to the next lowest hundred (i.e., a 1571 player cannot drop below 1400).
- This is called the rating's "floor."
-
- ------------------------------
-
- Subject: [10] How USCF Lifetime Titles are Earned
-
- USCF's class title norm system is similar to the system FIDE uses to
- determine GM and IM titles (see [1]). There is no time limit for
- accumulating points towards USCF titles.
-
- There are two titles per class from E to Expert: "Certified" and "Advanced."
- Master-level titles have a different naming scheme: 2200 is "Life Master,"
- followed by "1-Star Life Master" at 2300, "2-Star Life Master" at 2400, etc.
-
- Points are earned toward titles by exceeding the expected score of a player
- with the minimum rating of that level by a certain number of points. Rules:
- 1. A norm can be earned only in events of four rounds or greater. (Norms
- cannot be earned by playing a rated match.)
- 2. A minimum score of two game points in the event is required, not
- counting unplayed games.
- 3. Ten "norm points" are required for a title.
- 4. Making a norm earns two points toward the title for that level.
- 5. A player who does not have the title 100 points below the norm level
- also earns five points towards that title.
- 6. A player who does not have the title 200 points below the norm level
- automatically achieves that title.
- 7. A player who achieves an established rating, but not the title
- corresponding to 100 points below this rating, is awarded that title.
- 8. Only established rated players can earn titles.
-
- The Life Master title may still be earned by playing 300 games at the 2200
- level. After 1996, this title may only be earned through the norm system.
-
- For a full description of the system, see _Chess Life_ May 1992.
-
- ------------------------------
-
- Subject: [11] Tournaments
-
- Chess tournaments can be large (1000 players) or small (10 players or even
- less); long (1 round per day for 2 weeks) or short (a few rounds in one day).
- There are tournaments only for Masters and tournaments only for beginners,
- although most tournaments are open to anyone. A typical _Chess Life_ will
- list about 350 tournaments coming up in the U.S. in the next couple of
- months, and there will be about the same number which are unlisted. If you
- want to participate in a tournament but are intimidated because you don't
- know the procedures, by all means go and ask the director and/or other
- players questions before things begin. They'll be glad to help.
-
- A typical tournament announcement will contain the following: (1) Date(s) and
- name of the tournament. (2) What kind of tournament it is, e.g., 4-SS or
- 3-RR. The number given denotes how many rounds will be played. "SS" stands
- for Swiss System, which is a method of pairing the contestants (see [12]).
- "RR" stands for round-robin, a format in which the players are divided into
- groups of similar ratings before the tournament begins, and then each member
- of a group plays every other member of that group. Thus, in a 3-RR, the
- group size will be four. The Swiss System is by far the most popular in the
- U.S.
-
- (3) The time controls, e.g., "30/60, SD/60" or "G/60" or "20/1, 30/1." The
- number on the left is the number of moves, and the number on the right is the
- time in minutes, or if that number is 1 or 2, in hours. "SD" stands for
- "sudden death," and "G" stands for game. Where more than one time control is
- listed, they are the controls which will take effect as the game progresses.
- So, the three examples given above can be explained as follows. In the first
- example, the players would each get 60 minutes on their clocks, and would
- have to have made their 30th moves before the 60 minutes expires (your clock
- only runs when it is your turn to move). Then, they each have another 60
- minutes to finish the game completely. Time left over from the first time
- control carries over to subsequent time controls. In the second example,
- each player would begin with 60 minutes on his clock, and would have to
- finish the game within that time. In the third example, the players would
- each get 1 hour for the first 20 moves, 1 hour for the next 30 moves, and
- another hour for every subsequent group of 30 moves.
-
- (4) The location of the tournament. (5) The entry fee, sometimes by section
- (see item 7). (6) The total prize fund (if any), either "guaranteed" (G) or
- based on a certain number of entries (e.g., b/30). The difference is
- guaranteed prizes must be paid, and "based on" prizes need only be paid in
- full if the stated number of players enter. If the stated number of players
- do not enter, the prize fund is reduced proportionally, but only down to a
- minimum of 50%.
-
- (7) Sections, if any. If none are listed, the tournament is an "open."
- "Open" sections are always open to *any* player. Other sections may be
- restricted to players below a certain rating, and/or occasionally above a
- certain rating. Sometimes sections (or whole tournaments) are restricted to
- certain age groups, school grades, etc. "Class" tournaments separate players
- by USCF rating classes. Sometimes different sections carry different entry
- fees. (8) Prize fund breakdown (if any). If the tournament is in sections,
- each section shows its own prize fund. In an small open, a typical prize
- fund might look like this: $140-100-70, A 50, B 45, C 40, D/E/Unr. 35, Jrs.
- 20. This means first prize is $140, second is $100, and third is $70. The
- top Class A player gets $50, etc. The top player in the combined classes of
- D, E, and unrated players gets $35, and the top Junior (under age 21) gets
- $20. (9) The registration time and time the rounds will begin. (10) Where
- to send an advance entry fee, and/or who to contact for more information.
-
- ------------------------------
-
- Subject: [12] The Swiss Tournament Pairing System
-
- The best way to get the rules for a Swiss System is to buy a copy of the USCF
- rulebook, available for about $7.95. (The FIDE rulebook also has rules for a
- Swiss, which vary from USCF's rules.)
-
- However, a VERY simplified summary of the USCF rules is:
- 1. Arrange players in order by rating, highest to lowest, unrated either at
- the bottom or by estimated rating.
- 2. For round 1, divide into two stacks. The top players in EACH stack play
- each other, then the second players in each stack play each other, etc.
- This results in the highest-rated player playing the middle-rated player.
- 3. After round one, divide up by score groups. Win=1, Draw=1/2, Loss=0.
- 4. Pair up each score group as in step 2. If an odd number, the bottom
- person in higher point group plays top person in next score group. If
- odd number in lowest score group, lowest rated player gets a full point
- bye. (Limit players to one bye each.)
- 5. Where possible, players should alternate color, or at least equalize.
- (By round 4, players ideally should have had two Whites, two Blacks.)
- 6. Players NEVER play the same opponent more than once. If necessary, pair
- players with someone in next lower score group. (Treat as if odd
- number.)
- 7. To improve on color allocation as per step 5, if two players in the
- bottom half of a score group are rated within 100 points, they can be
- interchanged. (If rated over 2100, 50 points is a better cutoff.)
-
- ------------------------------
-
- Subject: [13] I'm a Novice (or Intermediate). How Do I Improve?
-
- There are lots of variations to the methods, but the things most good
- teachers agree on is to emphasize (1) tactics, (2) endings, and (3) playing
- with a plan. Most people spend too much time studying openings. Just learn
- enough about openings to get to a playable middlegame. The books listed
- below should give you a great start on (1), (2), and (3). Of course, playing
- experience is important. Review your games (with a much stronger player if
- possible) to find out what you did right and wrong. Seek out games against
- stronger players, and learn from them.
-
- Some books are listed below to help in the quest to improve. You don't need
- to buy all these--pick and choose as you please. For example, buy #1 and see
- what you might want to supplement it with later. Or, buy one or two general
- works (numbers 3, 4, 5, and 6), a tactics book, and an endgame book.
-
- 1. _Comprehensive Chess Course_ 2nd edition by GM Lev Alburt and Roman Pelts
- (ISBN 0-9617-207-0-5). (Available as 2 separate vols. from Chess Digest.)
- Expensive. Chess neophytes (i.e., NOT most rec.games.chess readers) will find
- volume I useful; otherwise, try volume II. Good teaching material for an
- intro-to-chess class. (It is now in its 3rd edition.)
-
- 2. _Essential Chess Endings Explained Move by Move_ by IM Jeremy Silman
- (ISBN 0-87568-172-7). Very clear explanations of basic endings. For novices
- and intermediates.
-
- 3. _The Game of Chess_ by Siegbert Tarrasch (ISBN 0-486-25447-X). Excellent
- instruction for intermediates.
-
- 4. _How to Reassess Your Chess_ by IM Jeremy Silman (ISBN 0-938650-53-X).
- Explains how to formulate a plan. An excellent improvement program for the
- intermediate player.
-
- 5. _Logical Chess Move by Move_ by Irving Chernev (ISBN 0-671-21135-8).
- Looks at 30 or so games, and comments on the thought behind *every* move.
- Bridges the gap between novice and intermediate books.
-
- 6. _My System_ by Aron Nimzovich (ISBN 0-679-14025-5). As per _The Game of
- Chess_ above.
-
- 7. _1001 Winning Chess Sacrifices and Combinations_ by Fred Reinfeld (ISBN
- 0-87980-111-5). A cheap book of 1001 tactical quizzes, most from actual
- games. Mix of easy & hard. Great for improving tactical ability.
-
- 8. _Pandolfini's Endgame Course_ by NM Bruce Pandolfini (ISBN
- 0-671-65688-0). Another good endgame book for novices and intermediates.
-
- 9. _Simple Chess Tactics_ by A. J. Gillam (ISBN 0-7134-6513-1). A first
- tactics book for novices.
-
- 10. _Your Move_ by Yakov Neishtadt. A good tactics book with 350 positions
- for you to try with solutions and explanations.
-
- ------------------------------
-
- Subject: [14] Recommended Openings (and Books) for Novices to Intermediates
-
- Remember your goal is to reach a playable middlegame. Don't worry about what
- is popular, or what the Masters play. As GM Lombardy once said, all openings
- offer good winning chances in amateur play.
-
- As you become stronger, you can shop around for an opening yourself. But,
- the openings recommended here are hardly inferior, and will serve you well
- throughout your chess career if you so choose.
-
- Besides what is recommended here, you may want a general manual to browse in
- (not study from!). _Modern Chess Openings_ 13th edition (MCO-13) or
- _Batsford Chess Openings_ edition 2 (BCO-2) are good choices.
-
- White Pieces
-
- Opening 1.e4 is a really good idea, as it will get you into tactics fast.
- Yes, you may last a few moves longer against a Master by cowering around with
- 1.Nf3 2.g3 3.Bg2 4.O-O etc., but you won't learn as much or improve as fast.
- Add a gambit or two to your system if you open 1.e4.
-
- Another good idea is the Colle System, where White opens 1.d4 and sets up
- with Nf3, e3, Bd3, c3, Nbd2, O-O, and plays to open up the position with e4
- and attack on the Kingside. The great thing about the Colle is White has a
- clear plan (and will encounter some tactics, too).
-
- Recommended books for White Opening (pick one):
-
- _Winning with 1.e4_ (ISBN 0-87568-174-5) by GM Andy Soltis. Covers all
- (reasonable) Black responses with good lines which tend to avoid the
- well-trodden paths.
-
- _Winning with the Colle System_ (2nd ed.; ISBN 0-87568-169-7) by Ken Smith
- and John Hall. Comprehensive coverage of this opening.
-
- _Colle System_ by IM George Koltanowski, a real pioneer of this system.
- Cheaper than the book above, but a bit less comprehensive.
-
- Black Pieces
-
- As a response to 1.e4, establish pawn control in the center by either 1. ...
- e5 or 1. ... c5 (Sicilian), or make a "strong-point" at d5 by either 1. ...
- e6 (French) or 1. ... c6 (Caro-Kann), followed by 2. ... d5. Playing 1. ...
- e5 will subject you to some hairy attacks, but again, you will learn tactics
- thereby. To help avoid reams of theory, use the Petroff defense (1.e4 e5
- 2.Nf3 Nf6) if you choose 1. ... e5.
-
- 1. ... c5 (the Sicilian) has rather a lot of White possibilities to play
- against, but is sound and aggressive at the same time. The French and the
- Caro-Kann are a bit easier to play, but don't run into as many early tactics
- (usually).
-
- As a response to 1.d4, play 1. ... d5 and then follow 2.c4 (the most typical
- 2nd move) with either 2. ... dxc4 (Queen's Gambit Accepted), 2. ... e6
- (Queen's Gambit Declined), or 2. ... c6 (Slav Defense). The first promotes
- early tactics, and the other two have the advantage usually producing similar
- pawn structures to the French Defense and Caro-Kann, respectively. If you
- play French and QGD or Caro-Kann and Slav, you are less likely to be confused
- by transpositions if White varies his move order in the early stages, e.g.,
- by opening 1.Nf3.
-
- Recommended books for Black Opening (pick either I, II, or III):
-
- I. Choose one from A. and one from B.
-
- A.
- _A Complete Black Defense to 1.P-K4_ by Cafferty and Hooper. The main
- line is the Petroff Defense, but the authors also show how to handle the
- other possibilities, e.g., the King's Gambit.
-
- _How to Play the Sicilian Defense Against all White Possibilities_ (ISBN
- 0-87568-168-9) by GM Andy Soltis and Ken Smith.
-
- B.
- _A Complete Black Defense to 1.P-Q4_ by Cafferty and Hooper. The main
- line is the Queen's Gambit Accepted, but the authors also show how to
- handle the other possibilities, e.g., the Richter-Veresov Attack. The
- disadvantage is you aren't shown how to handle other closed openings
- such as 1.Nf3, 1.c4, etc. although these can frequently be transposed
- into the QGA.
-
- Or, as your B. choice, use the "closed" opening defenses from either
- II or III.
-
- II. _A Complete Black Repertoire_ (ISBN 0-87568-163-8) by IM Jeremy Silman.
- Based around the French and Queen's Gambit Declined.
-
- III. _A Black Defensive System for the Rest of Your Chess Career_ by GM
- Andy Soltis. Based around the Caro-Kann and Slav.
-
- ------------------------------
-
- Subject: [15] Publications
-
- _Ajedrez Universal_, Luis Hoyos-Millan, P.O. Box 10020, Staten Island, NY
- 10301.
-
- _American Chess Journal_, P.O. Box 2967, Harvard Square Station, Cambridge,
- MA 02238. Phone 617-876-5759; fax 617-491-9570; e-mail cfc@isr.harvard.edu.
- Edited by Christopher Chabris, Timothy Hanke, and GM Patrick Wolff. 128
- pp./issue, book format, 3 issues/year. Single copy $12 to U.S.,
- $14 to Canada/Mexico, $16 elsewhere; 3-issue subscription $30, $36, $42;
- 6-issue subscription $54, $66, $78. Emphasizes good writing, in-depth
- analysis, history, and reviews.
-
- _APCT News Bulletin_, c/o Helen Warren, P.O. Box 70, Western Springs, IL
- 60558. Correspondence chess.
-
- _BDG World_, 303 Cleveland St., P.O. Box 66, Headland, AL 36345.
-
- _Blitz Chess_, WBCA, 8 Parnassus Rd., Berkeley, CA, 94708. Edited by GM
- Walter Browne, who also founded the World Blitz Chess Association. The WBCA
- runs "blitz" (5 minutes/game) tournaments and has a separate rating system.
-
- _Caissa's Chess News_, P.O. Box 09091, Cleveland, OH 44109.
-
- _Chess_, Chess & Bridge, Ltd., 369 Euston Road, London, England NW1 3AR.
- Phone (+44) 071 388 2404. General manager is IM Malcolm Pein. 12
- issues/year; subscription rates are: UK L23.95/yr, L45/2 yrs; Europe
- L29.95/yr, L56.95/2 yrs; USA/Canada (2nd class airmail) $49.95/yr, $95/2 yrs.
-
- _Chess Chow_, Chess Chow Publications, P.O. Box 3348, Church St. Station, New
- York, NY 10008. 212-432-6546. Edited by GM Joel Benjamin. 6 issues/year;
- $25/yr, $45/2 yrs; Foreign rates: $40/yr & $75/2 yrs. 48 pp., many guest GM
- and IM contributors, emphasis on instruction and entertainment. (More info:
- e-mail mginsbur@rnd.stern.nyu.edu).
-
- _Chess Horizons_ by the Massachusetts Chess Association, c/o George
- Mirijanian, 46 Beacon St., Fitchburg, MA 01420 is published bimonthly and
- contains about 64 games/issue, many of them from outside the U.S. $10/year;
- $18 Canada; $19 Europe; $20 Australia.
-
- _Chess Informant_ by Sahovski Informator, P.O. Box 739, Francuska 31, 11001
- Beograd, Yugoslavia (Serbia). Published in March, August, and December
- (semi-annually before 1991). Consists of "good" games (judged by committee)
- from major tournaments; as well as interesting positions (combinations,
- endings) given as a quiz, and tournament crosstables. There are about 750
- games/issue classified by opening (known as _ECO_ classification). Notation
- is figurine algebraic; games are annotated (often by the players) with
- special ideographs (defined for 10 languages). The January & July FIDE
- rating lists are published in the following edition. _Informant_ games are
- also available in ChessBase/NICBase formats.
-
- _Chess Life_ magazine and/or _School Mates_ magazine--see [2].
-
- _The Computer Chess Gazette_, Box 2841, Laguna Hills, CA 92654.
- 714-770-8532. Focuses on computer chess.
-
- _Computer Chess Reports_ published semiannually by ICD Corp., 21 Walt Whitman
- Road, Huntington Station, NY 11746. Phone 800-645-4710. Subscriptions are
- $12/year. Focuses on computer chess, and rates dedicated chess-playing
- computers and software. The main contributor is IM Larry Kaufman.
-
- _GMA< News_, 2 Avenue de la Tanche, 1160 Brussels, Belgium.
-
- _Inside Chess_ magazine published biweekly by International Chess
- Enterprises, Inc. Subscriptions in the U.S. are $45/year, $80/two years.
- Subscription address: ICE, Inc., P.O. Box 19457, Seattle, WA, 98109. Phone
- 800-677-8052 (or 206-325-1952). _Inside Chess_ describes itself as THE
- magazine for the serious player. Edited by GM Yasser Seirawan.
-
- _International Computer Chess Association (ICCA) Journal_ published quarterly.
- Membership/subscription is $30/year. Follows computer chess worldwide. ICCA,
- c/o Don Beal, Department of Computing Science, Queen Mary and Westfield
- College, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, England. ICCA Europe, c/o Prof. Dr. H.
- J. van den Herik, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maasticht, The Netherlands
- (Membership/subscription is Hfl. 50).
-
- _New In Chess_ published by Interchess BV, P.O. Box 393, 1800 AJ Alkmaar, The
- Netherlands. U.S. distribution: Chess Combination Inc., P.O. Box 2423 Noble
- Station, Bridgeport, CT 06608-0423. Phone 203-367-1555; fax 203-380-1703;
- e-mail 70244.1532@compuserve.com (Albert Henderson). 8 issues, $68 by air
- mail, $58 by surface; intro subscription: 6 issues, $34 by air. Sample issue
- $5 (free for Internet or CompuServe users).
-
- ------------------------------
-
- Subject: [16] Where to Get Books and Equipment
-
- American Chess Equipment (DeWayne Barber), 524 S. Avenida Faro, Anaheim, CA
- 92807. 714-998-5508. Good source for sets and boards in quantity.
-
- Australian Chess Enterprises, 4/69 Garfield Road East, Riverstone, NSW 2765
- Australia, ph: 61-2-838-1529 fax: 61-2-838-1614. Chess supplies, software,
- promotions and publications.
-
- Dale Brandreadth, P.O. Box 151, Yorkland, DE 19736. 302-239-4608. Used chess
- books.
-
- Caissa's Press, P.O. Box 609091, Cleveland, OH, 44109-0091. Buys and sells
- used (and some new) books; send $1 for current list.
-
- Chess Digest, Inc., P.O. Box 59029, Dallas, TX 75229. 800-462-3548; fax
- 214-869-9305. Massive selection of books; also boards, sets, and clocks.
- Limited computers and software. Large (!) catalog available.
-
- Chess House, P.O. Box 12424, Kansas City, KS 66112. 800-348-4749 or
- 913-299-3976; fax 913-788-9860. Books, boards, sets, clocks, computers.
- Catalog available.
-
- Chessco, P.O. Box 8, Davenport, IA 52805-0008. 319-323-7117. Associated
- with Thinker's Press publishers. Books, boards, clocks. Catalog available.
-
- Computer Chess Gazette, Box 2841, Laguna Hills, CA 92654. 714-770-8532.
- Chess computers and software.
-
- Electronic Games, 1678 Mayfield Road, Lapeer, Michigan 48446. 800-227-5603
- or 313-664-2133. Computers, software, and clocks.
-
- ICD Corp., 21 Walt Whitman Road, Huntington Station, NY 11746. 800-645-4710
- or 516-424-3300. Chess computers and software. Associated with _Computer
- Chess Reports_ (see [15]).
-
- Lindsay Chess Supplies, Box 2381, Ann Arbor, MI 48106. 313-995-8738. Books,
- sets, clocks. Possibly the cheapest source for _Informants_. Catalog
- available.
-
- Metro Game Center (Jeff Prentiss), 4744 Chicago Avenue S., Minneapolis, MN
- 55407. 612-874-9555.
-
- National Chess and Games, P.O. Box 17278, Anaheim, CA 92817. 714-282-8483.
-
- PBM International Corp. Inc., 11 Church Street, Montclair, NJ 07042.
- 800-726-4685; fax 201-783-0580. Computers, software, and clocks. Catalog
- available.
-
- Jon C. Rather, P.O. Box 273, Kensington, MD 20895. 301-942-0515. Used chess
- books.
-
- Fred Wilson, 80 E 11th St, Suite 334, New York, NY 10003. 212-533-6381.
- Specializes in out-of-print and rare chess books; also fine chess sets.
-
- USCF - books, boards, sets, clocks, computers, software (see [2]).
-
- ------------------------------
- --
- William R. Shauck Internet: shauck@netcom.com
-